A control system specifically designed to monitor and manage a building's core services, such as HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, power, fire systems, and security. The primary goal of a BMS is to ensure occupant comfort and safety while optimizing energy efficiency and operational costs.

A system used for industrial control applications, such as managing power grids, water treatment facilities, and manufacturing plants. SCADA systems collect data from sensors and equipment in the field and send it to a central computer, allowing operators to monitor and control complex processes in real-time.

A network of interrelated physical objects or "things" that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data over the internet without human intervention. In automation contexts, IoT devices provide widespread, granular data collection that can enhance or complement traditional BMS and SCADA systems.

Devices used to measure physical parameters such as energy consumption (electricity, gas, water), temperature, humidity, or air quality (e.g., CO2CO sub 2CO2 levels). Meters serve as the data sources that feed information into BMS, SCADA, and IoT systems, enabling monitoring and analysis.

Remote servers and software accessed over the internet. Cloud services provide the infrastructure for storing, managing, and analyzing the large volumes of data collected by IoT devices, meters, BMS, and SCADA systems. This enables remote monitoring, advanced analytics (AI/ML), and real-time insights from anywhere in the world.

This is the gradual or sudden degradation of a model's or system's performance over time. It happens when the real-world data or environment changes (e.g., user behavior shifts, new market conditions appear) so the original assumptions the system was built on no longer hold true. This can take several forms in machine learning:
- Data Drift: Changes in the statistical properties of the input data.

- Concept Drift: Changes in the relationship between the input data and the target outcome variable.

- Model Drift: A decline in the model's predictive accuracy due to these underlying changes. 

Power factor is the relationship between the power a facility actually uses (real power, measured in watts) and the total power it draws from the utility (apparent power, measured in volt-amps).

PF = Real Power (W) ÷ Apparent Power (VA)

A common misunderstanding is that volts × amps = watts. In reality, volts × amps = volt-amps (VA) — the total power flowing through the system.

Only when multiplied by power factor does this become real, usable power:

Volts × Amps × PF = Watts

Because of this, improving power factor typically has little impact on residential bills but can significantly reduce costs and penalties for commercial and industrial facilities.

EMFs are invisible electric and magnetic fields generated by electricity.

Electric fields are produced by voltage and measured in volts per meter (V/m).

Magnetic fields are produced by current flow and measured in microteslas (μT).

Electric fields exist whenever voltage is present, while magnetic fields only occur when current is flowing. Electric fields are easily shielded; magnetic fields are not and can penetrate most materials. Both together form EMFs, common around power lines and electrical devices.

We can lower EMF emissions through filtering and grounding.

Unwanted electrical or radio frequency noise from various sources.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the noise caused by current in other, nearby conductors or cables. Radio frequency interference (RFI) is also a source of external noise caused by radiating signals from wireless systems

We can filters out EMI and RFI, reducing noise and protecting sensitive electronics.

Electrical potential that drives current through a circuit.

Voltage is a measure of the electrical pressure or how hard the amps are being pushed.

Satic: Stabilizes voltage levels.

Rate of current flow, or electrons per second.

Amperage is measure of how much current or how many electrons are flowing and is therefore the flow rate of electrical energy (electricity) measured in amps.

Satic: Improves power factor, which lowers amperage and increases system efficiency.

Degree of unwanted frequencies (harmonics) in the AC waveform (60Hz or 50Hz), leading to inefficiency and heat.

We can filter out harmonics, lowering THD.

Electrical resistance that dissipates energy as heat.

Ohms law of resistance is a measure of how much of the electrical energy being converted to heat, sound, light or mechanical work as electricity travels through the circuit.

We can reduce resistive losses by optimizing power delivery.

Frequency of the AC waveform is typically 50 or 60 Hz.

We can maintain consistent frequency for stable system operation.

The kWh is a unit of energy 1,000 thousand watts acting over a period of 1 hour.

Kilowatt Hours are the measure of real working power used over time and are the standard of measure utilities use to bill for electricity.

We can reduce overall kWh usage by improving efficiency.

Actual power consumed (volts × amps × power factor).